Normal ultrasound appearances of the lower renal tract

fig.72c
(fig 72b)
When the bladder is distended with urine, the walls are thin, regular and hyperechoic. The walls may appear thickened or trabeculated if the bladder is
insufficiently distended, making it impossible to exclude a bladder lesion. The ureteric orifices can be demonstrated in a transverse section at the bladder base. Ureteric jets can easily be demonstrated with colour Doppler at this point and normally occur between 1.5 and 12.4 times per minute (a mean of 5.4 jets per minute) from each side1 (Fig. 7.2b). It is useful to examine the pelvis for other masses, e.g. related to the uterus or ovaries, which could exert pressure on the ureters causing proximal dilatation. The prostate is demonstrated transabdominally by angling caudally through the full bladder (Fig.  7.2C). The  nvestigation of choice for the prostate is transrectal ultrasound; however an approximate idea of its size can be gained from transabdominal scanning.
When prostatic hypertrophy is suspected, it is useful to perform a postmicturition bladder volume measurement to determine the residual volume of
urine (see Measurements below).

Ultrasound images of hyperechoic
ultrasound images of walls may appear thickened or trabeculated
ultrasound images of transrectal, ultrasound images of postmicturition

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