Cranial Nerve Disorders in Children: MR Imaging Findings
brain or brainstem through the foramina of the skull base, which are involved in motor, sensory, and parasympathetic functions. (rsna.org)
Cranial nerve disorders are uncommon disease conditions encoun-
tered in pediatric patients, and can be categorized as congenital,
inflammatory, traumatic, or tumorous conditions that involve the cra-
nial nerve itself or propagation of the disorder from adjacent organs.
However, determination of the normal course, as well as abnormali-
ties, of cranial nerves in pediatric patients is challenging because of
the small caliber of the cranial nerve, as well as the small intracranial
and skull base structures. With the help of recently developed mag-
netic resonance (MR) imaging techniques that provide higher spatial
resolution and fast imaging techniques including three-dimensional
MR images with or without the use of gadolinium contrast agent,
radiologists can more easily diagnose disease conditions that involve
the small cranial nerves, such as the oculomotor, abducens, facial,
and hypoglossal nerves, as well as normal radiologic anatomy, even in
very young children. If cranial nerve involvement is suspected, careful
evaluation of the cranial nerves should include specific MR imag-
ing protocols. Localization is an important consideration in cranial
nerve imaging, and should cover entire pathways and target organs as
much as possible. Therefore, radiologists should be familiar not only
with the various diseases that cause cranial nerve dysfunction, and
the entire course of each cranial nerve including the intra-axial nuclei
and fibers, but also the technical considerations for optimal imaging
of pediatric cranial nerves. In this article, we briefly review normal
cranial nerve anatomy and imaging findings of various pediatric
cranial nerve dysfunctions, as well as the technical considerations of
pediatric cranial nerve imaging.
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